生物专业词汇英文 篇一
Introduction to Biological Terminology in English
Biological studies encompass a wide range of disciplines, each with its own unique set of terminology. Understanding and being able to communicate these terms in English is crucial for students and professionals in the field of biology. In this article, we will explore some essential biological terms and their English translations.
1. Cell - A fundamental unit of life, consisting of a membrane-bound structure that carries out various functions.
2. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.
3. Protein - Large molecules composed of amino acids that play essential roles in various biological processes, such as enzymes, structural components, and signaling molecules.
4. Gene - A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a specific protein or RNA molecule.
5. Evolution - The process of gradual change in species over time, driven by natural selection and genetic variation.
6. Photosynthesis - The process by which plants and some microorganisms convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen.
7. Respiration - The process of breaking down glucose to produce energy, typically in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or without oxygen (anaerobic respiration).
8. Mitosis - Cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
9. Meiosis - Cell division that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
10. Enzyme - A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
11. Ecology - The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
12. Biodiversity - The variety of living organisms in a particular area, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
13. Microorganism - A microscopic organism, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
14. Adaptation - A characteristic or behavior that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in its environment.
15. Homeostasis - The ability of an organism to maintain internal stability and balance despite external changes.
These are just a few examples of the many biological terms used in English. Building a strong foundation in biological terminology is essential for effective communication and understanding within the field of biology.
生物专业词汇英文 篇二
Advanced Biological Terminology in English
In the previous article, we explored some essential biological terms in English. In this article, we will dive deeper into advanced biological terminology that is commonly used in specialized fields within biology.
1. Genomics - The study of an organism's entire genome, including the arrangement and function of genes.
2. Proteomics - The study of the structure, function, and interactions of proteins within an organism.
3. Bioinformatics - The application of computer science and statistical analysis to biological data, such as DNA sequences, protein structures, and gene expression profiles.
4. Epigenetics - The study of heritable changes in gene expression without alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.
5. Metabolism - The set of chemical reactions that occur within an organism to convert food into energy and other essential molecules.
6. Phylogenetics - The study of the evolutionary relationships among different species, based on similarities and differences in their genetic sequences.
7. Immunology - The study of the immune system and its response to pathogens, allergens, and other foreign substances.
8. Neurobiology - The study of the structure and function of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
9. Endocrinology - The study of the endocrine system and the hormones it produces, which regulate various bodily functions.
10. Biotechnology - The use of living organisms or their products to create or modify products, processes, or organisms for specific applications.
11. Pharmacology - The study of how drugs interact with biological systems, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
12. Developmental Biology - The study of the processes by which organisms grow and develop from a single cell to a complex organism.
13. Molecular Biology - The study of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and their interactions within cells.
14. Ecological Succession - The gradual change in species composition and community structure over time in a particular ecosystem.
15. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) - An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
These advanced biological terms provide a glimpse into the diverse fields and sub-disciplines within biology. Mastering these terms is crucial for professionals and researchers in specialized areas of biological study.
生物专业词汇英文 篇三
生物专业词汇英文
生物英语篇一:常用生物学专业英语词汇
A
acceptor受体
acetate醋酸盐;醋酸根acetyl乙酰基.actin肌动蛋白
actinomycinD放线菌素Dactivation活化;激活activesite活性中心adenine腺嘌呤adenosine腺嘌呤核苷adenosyl腺苷的adenovirus腺病毒adheringjunctings粘着连接
adhesion粘着;附着adjacent毗邻的
adrenal肾上腺的,肾上腺affinity亲和;吸引agar琼脂,洋菜agarose琼脂糖agency媒介agent剂aggregate聚合体albumin白蛋白,清蛋白allelc等位基因
allele等位基因突变遗传因子
allostericmodification别构修饰
allosteric别构的
Alzheimer’sdisease阿尔茨海默氏病
amino氨基的~acid氨基酸
aminopeptidase氨基肽酶amphibian两栖动物amphipathic两亲的两性的
amylase淀粉酶anaerobic厌氧的analysis分析,分解analyze分析
anaphase(细胞分裂的)后期anaphase-promotingcomplex,APC促后期复合物anarogen雄激素anatomy解剖学anionic阴离子的appropriate适当的
approximately近似地,大约artificialchromosome人工染色体
aspartic天冬氨酸
astrocyte星形(神经胶质),细胞
asymmetric不对称的autocatalytic自动催化的autonomously replicating sequenceARS自主复制起序列autophagy自噬作用axon轴突
B
bacteria细菌bacterial
artificial
chromosome,BAC细菌人工染色体
bacteriophage噬菌体basalcellcarcinoma基层细胞癌base碱基
basementmembrane基膜bilayer双层
binal双重的,两倍的,孪生的
binding结合位点blastocoele囊胚腔blastoderm胚盘blastomere卵裂球blastula囊胚
C
cancerous癌的capsid(病毒)衣壳
carbohydrate碳水化合物,糖类
carbonate碳酸盐carboxy羧基
carboxylation羧化作用carboxypeptidase羧肽酶carcinogen致癌剂carcinoma癌
cardiovascular心血管的cellsecretion细胞分泌centrifuge离心机cholesterol胆固醇chromatid染色单体chromatin染色质
chromatography层析cis-actingelement顺式作用元件
cis-Golginetwork,CGN高尔基内侧网络cistron顺反子
clathrin-coatedvesicle披网格蛋白小泡clone克隆,无性系(Basidiomycetes)coelom体腔coenzyme辅酶
coherent粘着的,连贯的competitiveinhibitor竞争性抵制剂
complementary互补的,补充的
COPIIcoatedvesiclesCOPII被膜小泡
COPIcoatedvesiclesCOPI被膜小泡covalence共价covalentbond共价键covalent共价cross-linked交联的culture培养,栽培cushion缓冲缓和cyclin细胞周期蛋白cyclin-dependent protein kinases,CDK细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶
cytochrome细胞色素cytomembranesysteme膜系统
cytoplasm细胞质
cytosine胞嘧啶cytoskeleton细胞骨架cytosol胞液,细胞溶质
D
degrade使降解deletion染色体的缺失denaturation变性dendrite树突
deoxyribonucleicacid脱氧核糖核酸
deoxyribonucleic脱氧核糖核酸的
deoxyribose脱氧核糖dextran葡聚糖dialysis透析,渗析differentialcentrifugation差速离心
differentiation分化diffusion扩散,渗滤dilute稀释
dimensional维,度,元dimer二聚体
Dockingprotein,DP停泊蛋白
dodecyl十二烷基donor供体duplicate复制
dynamic动力学的,动态的dyneins动力蛋白dysentery痢疾
E
edoplasmicreticulum内质网
elaborate精细制作的,复杂的
elasticconnectivetissue弹力结缔组织
electrophoresis电泳embryo胚,胚胎embryogenesis胚胎发生embryology胚胎学embryonic胚胎的encode编码endocrine内分泌endocytic细胞内吞作用endocytosis胞吞作用endoderm内胚层
endomembranesystems内膜系统
endoplasmic内质的endoplasmicreticulum内质网
envelope包膜,包被enzyme酶
epinephrine肾上腺素epithelial上皮的epithelium上皮
ERretentionsignal内质网驻留信号estrogen雌激素ethical伦理的,道德的eukaryotic真核生物的evolution进化,进展
exonexotron外显子extracellular细胞外的extractv.抽提F
ferredoxin铁氧化还原蛋白fibroblast成纤维细胞filtration过滤作用frequency频率,次数fruitfly果蝇function功能,作用fungi真菌
fusion融合,融合体
G
galactose半乳糖
galactosidase半乳糖苷酶galactoside半乳糖苷genus属,类germlayer胚层Golgibody高尔基体Golgicomplex高尔基复合体gonad性腺,生殖腺gonadotropin促性腺激素guanine鸟嘌呤
H
haploid单倍体hereditary遗传hereditary遗传的heritable可遗传的heritable可遗传的,被遗传的
heterozygote杂合体heterozygous杂合的histone组蛋白homeostasis体内稳态Homo人(学名)homogenizer匀浆器homologous同源的homozygote纯合体homozygous纯合的hormone激素hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的hypertonic高渗的hypotonic低渗的
I
identical完全相同的,同一的
immune免疫的
immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白immunology免疫学insulin胰岛素integrate整合integrity完整,完全intermediate中间的,中间产物
Intermediatefilaments,IFs中间纤维
internal内部的,体内的intracellular细胞内的intricate复杂的.,错综的intrinsic内部的,内在的intron内含子(基因内区)
isolation分离isotonic等渗的
K
karyotype核型,染色体组型kidney肾
kinesins驱动蛋白kinesis运动
L
lactose乳糖Lamina核纤层
lateral侧面的,横向的lesion损害损毁病变病灶病斑病痕ligases连接酶lipoprotein脂蛋白luciferase荧光素酶lumen腔
luminescence生物发光lymph淋巴
lympocyte淋巴细胞lysosome溶酶体lysozyme溶菌酶lytic裂解的
M
macrophage巨噬细胞magnesium镁malignant恶性的marrow髓,骨髓
matrix基质mechanism机制meiosis减数分裂
membrane-boundorganelles膜细胞器
MembraneTrafficking膜运输metabolism新陈代谢metaphase细胞分裂的中期microfilament微丝microglia小神经胶质细胞micron微米
microorganism微生物microplast微原生质体microscope显微镜microtube微管microtubule微管Microtubule organizing centers,MTOC微管组织中心mitosis有丝分裂mitotic有丝分裂的mitoticapparatus纺锤体又称为有丝分裂器
modification修饰,修改monomer单体
N
nanometer毫微米,纳米naturalselection自然选择nervecord神经索nerve神经nervous神经的neurilemma神经膜neuroglia神经胶质细胞
neuroglial神经胶质细胞的neuron神经元
neurotransmitter神经递质neutral中性的neutralize中和nickel镍
nicotinamide烟酰胺nitrate硝酸盐nitric硝酸nitrogen氮noncoding非编码的Nuclearenvelope核膜nuclearexportsignals,NES核输出信号nuclear localizationsignals,NLS核定位信号
nuclearporecomplex核孔复合体nucleic核酸nucleolar
organizingregion,(NOR)核仁组织区
nucleolus(复数nucleoli)核仁
nucleoplasm核基质nucleoprotein核蛋白nucleosome核小体核粒nucleotide核苷酸nucleus细胞核
O
obesity肥胖的
oligomer寡聚体,低聚体oligosaccharide寡糖oncogene癌基因operon操纵子
optimal最适宜的,最理想的organelle细胞器,类器官organism生物体,有机体organize使成有机体organogenesis器官发生ovary子房,卵巢
P
paternal父方的父系的Phagocytosis吞噬作用phagocytize吞噬pivotal中枢的,关键的prolong延长prosthetic辅基protease蛋白酶
R
regulatorgene调节基因resin树脂
ribonucleic核糖核酸ribose核糖
ribosomalRNA核糖体RNAribosome核糖体rotational旋转的
S
sarcoma肉瘤
semiconserevative半保留的
sickle-cell镰状细胞smooth endoplasmic reticulum滑面内质网sodiumdodecylsulfate十二烷基硫酸钠
solubility溶解度,可溶性soluble可溶的somatic体细胞的sonication超声处理spiral螺旋的splice剪接spontaneous自发的steroid类固醇
stroma间质
structuralgene结构基因
supercoil超螺旋supernatant上清液susceptible敏感的synapse突触synergistic协作的
T
telomere端粒termination终止terminator终止子thrombin凝血酶
thromboplastin促凝血酶原激酶
thylakoid类囊体thymine胸腺嘧啶thymus胸腺
thyroid甲状腺的,甲状腺thyroid-stimulatinghormone甲状腺刺激素thyroxine甲状腺素tick蜱
tightjunctions紧密连接topography地形torsion扭转toxicity毒性toxin毒素
traceelement超微量元素tracer示踪物tranposon转座子
trans-actingfactor反式作用因子
transacetylase转乙酰基酶transcript转录物转录本transcription转录transferRNA转移RNAtransfer传递,传输,变换transform改变,转化transformation转化transGoljinetwork,TGN高尔基外侧网络
translation翻译,平移translocation易位,转位,转运
translocators易位子transmission传送,遗传transportbyvesicles膜泡运输
trigger触发物,引发剂,触发
triglyceride甘油三酯tumor肿瘤,瘤tumorigenicity致瘤性
U
ultracentrifuge超速离心机ultraviolet紫外线
V
vaccine疫苗viruses病毒
Y
YAC酵母人工染色体
Z
zinc锌
zygote合子,受精卵
接种环inoculatingloop灭菌器syringefilters保鲜膜clingfilm烧杯beaker
容量瓶volumetricflask量筒graduatedcylinder漏斗funnel
称量纸weighingpaper磁力搅拌器magneticstirring
生物就英语篇二:生物英文术语
第一章细胞遗传学基础细胞(cell)
质膜(plasmamembrane,plasmalemma)细胞器(organelle)线粒体(mitochondria)
粗面内质网(roughreticulum,rER)高尔基体(Golgibody)核糖体(ribosome)
游离核糖体(freeribosomes)核基质(nuclearmatrix)核仁(nucleolus)常染色质(euchromatin)结构异染色质(constitutiveheterochromatin)染色体(chromosome)主缢痕(primaryconstriction)
近中着丝粒染色体(submetacentricchromosome端着丝粒(telocentricchromosome))随体(satellite)核小体(nucleosome)单倍体(haploidy)异源多倍体(allopolyploid)双精受精(dispermy)
组成型多倍体(constitutionalpolyploid)非整倍性(aneuploidy)单体性(monosomy)超二倍体(hyperploid)双三体性(ditrisomy)
染色体不分离(nondisjunction)后期延迟运动(delayedmovement,lagging)镶嵌型(mosaicism)细胞(cell)
质膜(plasmamembrane,plasmalemma)细胞器(organelle)线粒体(mitochondria)
粗面内质网(roughreticulum,rER)高尔基体(Golgibody)核糖体(ribosome)
游离核糖体(freeribosomes)
细胞膜(cellmembrane)细胞质(cytoplasm)基质(cytoplasmicmatrix)内质网(endoplasimic,ER)
滑面内质网(smoothendoplasmicreticulum,sER中心体(
)centrosome)附着核糖体(attachedribosomes)核膜(nuclearmembrane)核液(nuclearsap)染色质(chromatin)异染色质(heterochromatin)兼性异染色质(facultativeheterochromatin)
着丝粒(centromere)
中着丝粒染色体(metacentricchromosome)
近端着丝粒染色体(subtelocentric
chromosome次缢痕(secondaryconstriction))端粒(telomere)螺线体(solenoid)多倍体(polyploid)同源多倍体(autopolyploid)合子(zygote)缺倍体(nulliploid)亚倍体(hypoploid)缺对性(nullisomy)三体性(trisomy)四体性(tetrasomy),后期延迟(anaphaselag)混倍性(mixoploidy)
嵌合型(chimerism)细胞膜(cellmembrane)细胞质(cytoplasm)基质(cytoplasmicmatrix)内质网(endoplasimic,ER)
滑面内质网(smoothendoplasmicreticulum,
sER中心体(centrosome)附着核糖体(attachedribosomes)核膜(nuclearmembrane)
核基质(nuclearmatrix)核仁(nucleolus)常染色质(euchromatin)染色体(chromosome)主缢痕(primaryconstriction)
核液(nuclearsap)染色质(chromatin)异染色质(heterochromatin)着丝粒(centromere)
中着丝粒染色体(metacentricchromosome)
结构异染色质(constitutiveheterochromatin)兼性异染色质(facultativeheterochromatin)
近中着丝粒染色体(submetacentric近端着丝粒染色体(subtelocentricchromosome端着丝粒(telocentricchromosome))随体(satellite)核小体(nucleosome)超螺线体(supersolenoid)核型分析(karyotypeanalysis)C分带(centromerebanding)G分带(Giemsabanding)N分带(Nbanding)细胞周期(cellcycle)有丝分裂(mitosis)有丝分裂期(Mphase)凝线期(synizesis)联会(synapsis)粗线期(pachynema)双线期(diplonema)终变期(diakinesis)
染色体重建(chromosomereconstruction)重复(duplication)易位(translocation)
假显性现象(pseudodominance)反接重复(reverseduplication)剂量效应(dosageeffect)臂间倒位(pericentricinversion)相互易位(reciprocaltranslocation)复合易位(complextranslocation)
第二章分子遗传学基础
chromosome次缢痕(secondaryconstriction))端粒(telomere)螺线体(solenoid)核型(karyotype)核型模式图(idiogram)Q分带(quinacrinebanding)R分带(reversebanding)
高分辨显带(high-resolutionbanding)间期(interphase)减数分裂(meiosis)细线期(leptonema)偶线期(zygonema)
联会复合体(synaptonemalcomplex,SC)双价体(bivalent)
交叉端化(terminalizationofchiasmata)浓缩期(diakinesis)缺失(deletion)倒位(inversion)
中间缺失(interstitialdeletion)顺接重复(tandemduplication)不等交换(unequalcrossingover)臂内倒位(paracentricinversion)简单易位(simpletranslocation)移位易位(shifttranslocation)等臂染色体(isochromosome)
基因gene外显子exon内含子intron基因组genome
密码子codon起始密码子initiator
同义密码子synonym多义密码子ambiguouscodon核糖体ibosome表观基因组学epigenomics启动子promoter增强子enhancer
沉默子silencer化学修饰chemicalmodification基因突变genemutation)碱基base
回复突变reversion)暗修复darkrepair)切除修复excisionrepair)缺口修复gaprepair错配修复mismatchrepair重组recombination同源重组homologousrecombination转座transposition限制性核酸内切酶restrictionendonuclease载体vector
第三章免疫遗传学基础
免疫力immunity免疫防immunologicdefence自我稳定homeostasis自身免疫病autoimmunedisease非特异性免疫non-specialimmunity特异性免疫specialimmunity
免疫应答immuneresponse细胞免疫应答cellularimmunerespons免疫系统immunesystem免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin(Ig)抗体antibody(Ab)结构域domain
型群phenogroup调理作用opsonization
基因簇genecluster重组信号序列recombinationsignalsequence(RSS)类别转换classswitch同种型转换isotypeswitch
第四章质量性状的遗传
质量性状qualititativecharacter遗传descendiblityheredityinherit染色体chromosome性染色体sexchromosome
常染色体euchromosome伴性遗传sex-linkedinheritance限性遗传sex—limitedinheritance从性遗传sex—influencedinheritance血型bloodgroup显性上位作用dominantepistasis隐性上位作用recessiveepistasis重叠作用duplicateeffect基因座位genelocus等位基因allele
复等位基因multiplealleles上位基因epistaticgene
性连锁基因sex-linkedgene显性性状dominantcharacters隐性性状recessivecharacters育种breeding
杂交育种crossbreeding伴性基因sex-linkedgenes隐性纯合子allozygote杂合子heterozygote
显性基因dominantgene隐性基因recessivegene就巢性broodiness
自别雌雄auto-sexing骡鸭muleduck
测交testcross隐性致死recessivelethal半致死基因semi-lethalgene标记基因markergene父本maleparent母本femaleparent
繁殖力fecundity遗传效应gencticeffect杂交优势heteroticvigor经济性状practicalcharacters碱基对basepair遗传缺陷geneticdefects下位基因hypostaticgene基因文库genelibrary
完全显性completedominance不完全显性incompletedominance共显性codominance连锁遗传linkageinheritance
第五章数量性状的遗传
数量性状quantitativetrait表型值phenotypicvalue
基因型值genotypicvalue数量性状基因座quantitativetraitlocus主效基因majorgene上位效应epistaticeffect
系统环境效应systimaticevirenmentaleffect随机环境效应randomaticenvirenmentaleffect加性效应additiveeffect显性效应dominanceeffect育种值breedingvalue重复力repeatability
遗传力heritability遗传相关geneticcorrelation表型相关phenotypiccorrelation环境相关environmentalcorrelation
广义遗传力heritabilityinthebroadsense狭义遗传力heritabilityinthenarrowsense实现遗传力realizedhabitability
最大可能生产力mostProbableProducingAbility(MPPA)持久性环境效应permanentenvironmenteffect
暂时性环境效应temporaryenvironmentalcoefficient组内相关系数intra-classcorrelationcoefficient最大似然法maximumLikelihood(ML)
约束最大似然法restrictedMaximumlikelihood(REML)
最小范数二次无偏估计法minimumnormquadraticunbiasedestimation(INQUE)
最小方差二次无偏估计法minimumvariancequadraticunbiasedestimation,(MIVQUE)最佳线性无偏预测bestLinearunbiasedprediction(BLUP)最佳线性无偏估计bestlinearunbiasedestimation(BLUP)混合模型方程mixedmodelequation(ME)方差分析analysisofvariance(ANOVA)类方差分析法ANOVA-likemethod
第六章动物生长发育的规律
生长growth生长中心growthcenter发育development
胚胎期termofembryo生后期termofbirthafter累积生长accumulationgrowth相对生长relativegrowth绝对生长absolutegrowth生长波growthwave
第七章性别决定与性别控制
雄异配型maleheterogamety雌异配型femaleheterogamety异配性别heterogameticsex同配性别homogameticsex性反转sex-reversal半合基因hemizygousgene
从性遗传sex-conditionedinheritance限性遗传sex-limitedinheritanc伴性遗传或性连锁遗传sex-linkedinheritance睾丸决定因子(TDF)testisdeterminingfactor
拟(伪)常染色体区域(PAR)pseudoautosomal-region
Y染色体性别决定区sex-determiningregionofYchromosome第二性征(副性征)secondarysexualcharacter
第八章遗传病与遗传病控制
染色体病chromosomaldisease线粒体遗传病mitochondrialdisease
单基因遗传病monogeneticdisease多基因遗传病polygeneticormultigenedisorder失显nonpenetrance不完全外显incompletedominance不规则外显irrequlardominance
并蹄syndactylism多趾polydactylism
性连锁遗传病sex-linkeddisorder抗病育种breedingfordiseaseresistance性转变sexreversal诱变剂mutagen断裂剂clastogen致畸剂teratogen猪的应激综合征porcinestresssyndrome(PSS)
恶性高热综合症milignanthyperthermiasyndrome(MHS)常染色体显性遗传autosomaldominantdisorder常染色体隐性遗传病autosomalrecessivedisorder
第九章畜禽品种
物种species品种breed品系strain,line
专用品种special-purposebreed兼用品种dual-purposebreed海福特牛Hereford夏洛莱牛charolais利木赞牛limousine安格斯牛angus
阿伯丁-安格斯牛aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛chianina
荷斯坦牛Holstein中国荷斯坦牛chinaholstein西门塔尔牛Simmental尼里-拉维水牛nili-ravi
世界西门塔尔牛联合会WSF澳洲美利奴羊australianmerino丹麦红牛danishred摩拉水牛murrah
婆罗门牛Brahman圣格鲁迪牛santagertrudis肉牛王beefmaster婆朗格斯牛brangus婆罗福特牛braford西门婆罗牛simbrah夏白雷charbray辛地红牛redsindhi纯血马thoroughbred阿尔登马ardennes超细毛型superfinemerino细毛型finemerino
中毛型mediumwoolmerino强毛型strongwoolmerino罗姆尼羊romneymarsh无角陶赛特羊polldorset萨福克羊Suffolk诺福克羊norfolk考力代羊corriedale夏洛莱羊charollais
萨能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angoragoat努比亚山羊Nubian波尔山羊boergoat
生物就英语篇三:生物英文术语2
生物化学上册中英文名词解释汇总
第一部分:糖类
1.糖(Saccharide):糖是多羟醛或多羟酮及其缩聚物和某些衍生物的总称。
2.单糖(monosaccharide):也称简单糖,不能被水解成更小分子的糖类,是多羟醛或多羟酮。常见的单糖有葡萄糖(Glucose)、果糖(Fructose)、半乳糖(galactose)。
3.寡糖(oligosaccharide):又称低聚糖,是由2~20个单糖通过糖苷键连接而成的糖类物质。可分为二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。
4.二糖(disaccharide):又称双糖,是最简单的寡糖,由2个分子单糖缩合而成。常见的二糖有蔗糖(sucrose)、乳糖(lactose)、麦芽糖(maltose)。
5.多糖(polysaccharide):由多分子单糖或单糖的衍生物聚合而成。
6.同多糖(homopolysaccharide)由同一种单糖聚合而成,如淀粉(starch)、糖原(glycogen)、纤维素(cellulose)。
7.杂多糖(heteropolysaccharide)有不同种单糖或单糖衍生物聚合而成,如透明质酸(hyaluronicacid,HA)、肝素(heparin,Hp)等。
8.糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycan,GAG)又称粘多糖,氨基多糖和酸性多糖。是动植物特别是高等动物的结缔组织中的一类结构多糖。例如透明质酸.硫酸软骨素.硫酸角质素等。
9.蛋白聚糖(proteoglycan):由一条或多条糖胺聚糖和一个核心蛋白共价连接而成,糖含量可超过95%。主要存在于软骨、腱等结缔组织,
构成细胞间质。由于糖胺聚糖有密集的负电荷,在组织中可吸收大量的水而赋予粘性和弹性,具有稳定、支持和保护细胞的作用。
10.糖蛋白(glycoprotein):短链寡糖与蛋白质以共价键连接而形成的复合物,其总体性质更接近蛋白质。糖蛋白的寡糖链参与分子识别和细胞识别。
11.糖脂(glycolipid)
12.脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide)
第二部分脂质
1.脂质:lipid是一类低溶于水而高溶于非极性溶剂的生物有机分子。
2.储存脂质(storagelipid)、结构脂质(structurelipid)、活性脂质(activelipid)
3.单纯脂质(simplelipid)、复合脂质(compoundlipid)、衍生脂质(derivedlipid)
4.脂肪(真脂(fat)、脂肪酸(fattyacid,FA)
5.必需脂酸(essentialFA)亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸等多不饱和脂酸是人体不可缺乏的营养素,不能自身合成,需从食物获取。
6.磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylCholine,PC)也称卵磷脂(lecithin)可降低胆固醇,增加高密度脂蛋白的作用,防止降低动脉硬化。
7.胆碱(Choline)、胆固醇(cholesterol)
8.脂蛋白(lipoprotein)脂质与蛋白质以非共价键结合而成的复合物a.乳糜微粒(chylomicron)主要功能是从小肠转运三酰甘油、胆固醇以及其他脂质到血浆和其他组织。
b.极低密度脂蛋白(verylowdensitylipoprotein,VLDL)主要功能是从肝脏运载内源性三酰甘油和胆固醇至各个靶组织。
c.中间密度脂蛋白(intermediatedensitylipoprotein,IDL)一部分被肝脏直接吸收,一部分转化为LDL。
d.低密度脂蛋白(lowdensitylipoprotein,LDL)把胆固醇从肝脏运送到全身组织,过量时则其携带的胆固醇便积存在动脉上引起动脉硬化。e.高密度脂蛋白(highdensitylipoprotein,HDL)会将胆固醇从周边组织输送到肝脏代谢
第三部分:氨基酸以及蛋白质共价结构
1.单纯蛋白质(simpleproein):许多蛋白质仅有氨基酸组成,不含其它化学成分。
2.缀合蛋白质(conjugatedprotein):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分。
3.辅基(prostheticgroup)配体(ligand):许多其它蛋白质含有除氨基酸外的各种化学成分作为其结构的一部分,这些非蛋白质部分,称为辅基。
4.纤维状蛋白质(fibrousprotein)、球状蛋白质(globularprotein)、膜蛋白质(membraneprotein)。
5.单体蛋白质(monomericprotein):有一条多肽链构成的蛋白质。
6.寡聚蛋白质(oligomericprotein)多聚蛋白质(multimericprotein):由两条或多条多肽链构成的蛋白质。
7.亚基或亚单位(subunit):寡聚蛋白质中的多肽链。
8.二硫键(disulfidebond):在蛋白质或多肽分子中连接氨基酸残基的共价键,除肽键外,较常见的一个是两个半胱氨酸残基的侧链之间形成的化学键。
9.多肽(polypeptide)/寡肽(oligopeptide):通常把含有几个至十几个氨基酸残基的肽链统称为寡肽,更长的肽链成为多肽。
10.氨基酸残基(aminoacidresidue):肽链中的氨基酸因为参加肽键的形成已经不是原来完整的分子,故称为氨基酸残基。
11.蛋白质(protein)、肽(或肽链()peptidechain)、肽基肽单位(petpidegroup)
12.蛋白质的一级结构(primarystructure):多肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序,包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构。
第四部分:蛋白质三维结构
1.Hydrogenbond:氢键
2.hydrophobicinteration:疏水作用(熵效应)
3.X-raycrystallography:X射线晶体学
4.EM(electronmicroscopy):电子显微学
5.NMR(nuclearmagneticresonance):核磁共振
6.α-helix:α-螺旋
7.β-pleatedsheet:β-折叠
8.β-turn:β-转角
9.randomcoil:无规卷曲
10.Primarystructure:一级结构肽链中氨基酸的排列顺序,包括二硫键的位置称为蛋白质的一级结构secondarystructure:二级结构蛋白质主链折叠产
生的由氢键维系的有规则的构象。
12.supersecondarystructure:超二级结构由若干相邻的二级结构元件组合在一起,彼此相互作用,形成种类不多的、有规则的二级结构组合,在多种蛋白质中充当三级结构的构件。
13.teriarystructure:三级结构指由二级结构元件构建成的总三维结构,包括一级结构中相距远的肽段之间的几何相互关系和侧链在三维空间中彼此间的相互关系。
14.quaternarystructure:四级结构指寡聚蛋白质中亚基缔合形成聚集体的方式。
15.Stucturedomain:结构域多肽链在二级结构或超二级结构的基础上形成三级结构的局部折叠区,它是相对独立的紧密球状实体。
16.homomultimericprotein:同多聚蛋白质,由单一类型的亚基组成
17.heteromultimericprotein:杂多聚蛋白质,由几种不同类型亚基组成
18.allostericeffect:别构效应,多亚基蛋白质一般具有多个结合部位,结合在蛋白质分子的特定部位上的配体对该分子的其他部位所产生的影响(如改变亲和力或催化能力)
19.allostericprotein:别构蛋白质,具有别构效应的蛋白质